Balancing demand and supply is one of the most persistent challenges in business. Every organization that produces, distributes, sells, or purchases goods and services faces the same fundamental question: how much should be available, and when should it be available? The question sounds straightforward. The answer rarely is. Demand fluctuates. Customers change their preferences. Suppliers experience delays. Production capacity has limits. Transportation networks become congested. Economic conditions shift. Seasonal patterns appear and disappear. Even unexpected weather can transform purchasing behavior within hours. This makes the balancing of supply and demand less like a static calculation and more like a continuous act of calibration. Too much supply can create excess inventory,…