A product that is not available when a customer wants it may appear to create a simple problem: one missed sale. In reality, the consequences can be considerably more extensive. Stockouts can disrupt sales, damage customer relationships, increase operating costs, create unnecessary administrative work, distort demand data, and even affect the reputation of an entire business. The visible problem is an empty shelf or unavailable product. The invisible consequences can continue long after inventory has been replenished. For retailers, manufacturers, wholesalers, e-commerce companies, and distributors, inventory availability is therefore more than an operational concern. It is a fundamental component of commercial performance. Understanding what happens when inventory disappears is essential…